Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 University of Anbar - College of Science

2 The Ministry of Science and Technology

Abstract

This study was executed to find out the effect of the treatment soil by the fungus Trichoderma sp. to increasing the ability of the plant alfalfa to absorption copper and zinc from contaminated soils with heavy metals. The fungus Trichoderma sp. isolated from soils of possible contamination sites in Al-Ramadi city, and added to soil which treatment by four concentrations of two heavy metals copper (0,40,60,80 mg/l) and zinc (0,110,165,220 mg/l). Results showed the treatment fungus Trichoderma sp. has a clear role in increasing the percentage of absorption of copper and zinc in terms of the rate of absorption in leaves and roots, of the of plants grown in soils is treated with fungus compared with plants grown in soils is the non-treated of the fungus, as amended registered 40.4333, 25.309, 49.865, 60.719, 31.0375, 22.250, 41.790, 54.338 mg/l respectively.

Keywords

1. Greman, H.; Vodnik, D.; Velikonja-Bolta, Š.; and Leštan, D. (2003). Heavy metals in the environment. Journal of Environmental Quality 32: 500-506.
2. Malizia, Daniela; Antonella Giuliano; Giancarlo Ortaggi and Andrea Masotti. (2012). Common plants as alternative analytical tools to monitor heavy metals in soil. Chemistry Central Journal 2012, 6(Suppl 2):S6 .
3. Singh , A.; Shekar Kumar, Ch.; Agarwal, A. (2011). Phytotoxicity of cadmium and lead in Hydrill verticillata (I.F). J. Phyt. 3(8), 1-4.
4. Fargasova, A.(2004). Toxicity comparison of some possible toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn) on young seedlings of Sinapis alba L. Plant, Soil and Environment, 50(1): 33–38.
5.        الصحاف، فاضل حسین (1989). تغذیة النبات التطبیقی. وزارة التعلیم العالی والبحث العلمی.                              
6. Al-Qateeb,Z.(2000).Agricultural pesticides .Ministry of agriculture .Arabic Republic of Syria.
7. Kaplan, M. (1999).  Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato
plants in greenhouses in Turkey. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 22: 237-244.
8. Lombardi,  L. and Sebastiani, L. (2005). “Copper toxicity in Prunus cerasifera: growth and antioxidant enzymes responses of in vitro  grown plants,” Plant Science, vol. 168, no. 3, pp. 797–802.
9. Aoyama, M. and Nagumo, T. (1996). Factors Affecting Micro bial Biomass and Dehydrogenase Activity in Apple Or- chard Soils with Heavy Metal Accumulation. Soil Sci- ence and Plant Nutrition, 42(4): 821- 831.
10. Alva, AK, Chen, Q. (1995). Effects of external copper concentrations on uptake of trace elements by citrus seedlings. Soil Sci.159:59-64.
11. Ciszewski, Darius; Pociecha, Agnieszka and Waloszek, Andrzej (2013). Small effects of a large sediment contamination with heavy metals on aquatic organisms in the vicinity of an abandoned lead and zinc mine. Environ Monit Assess , 185:9825–9842. DOI 10.1007/s10661-013-3295-z.
12. Alaoui-Sosse, B.; Genet, P.; Vinit-Dunand, F. ; Toussaint, M.-L. ;
    Epron, D. and Badot, P.-M. (2004). Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. Plant Science, 166(5): 1213–1218.
13. Wainwright, S.J.; Woolhouse,   H.W.(1977). Some physiological aspects
of copper and zinc tolerance in Agrostis tenuis Sibth: Cell elongation and membrane damage. Journal of Experimental Botany, 28: 1029-1036.
14. Zhou, B.; Yao, W.; Wang, S.; Wang, X. and Jiang, T.(2014). The metallothionein gene, TaMT3, from Tamarix androssowii confers Cd2+ tolerance in Tobacco,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(6): 10398–10409.
15. Nriagu, JO.(1989). A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metal. Nature, 338:47-49.
16. Dimirkou,A. (2007). Uptake of Zn²+ ions by  a fully iron-exchanged clinoptilolite . Case study of  heavily contaminated drinking water sample. Water Res. 41:2763-2773.
17. Alloway, B.J. (2008). Zinc in soils and crop nutrition. Second edition, published by IZA and IFA, Brussels, Belgium, Paris and France.
18. Nawaz, Hamid ; Hussain, Nazim  ; Yasmeen, Azra ; Arif1, Muhammad ; Hussain1, Mubashir  Rehmani, Muhammad Ishaq Asif ; Chattha, Muhammad Bilal and Ahmad, Ayaz.(2015).  Soil Applied Zinc Ensures High Production and Net Returns of Divergent Wheat Cultivars.  Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2313-8629.
19. Jayakumar, K. and Jaleel, C.H.       (2009). Uptake and accumulation of cobalt in plants: a study based on exogenous cobalt in soybeans. Bot. Res. Int., 2: 310- 314.
20. Hussain, K. ; Sahadevan, K.K. and Salim,N.(2010).Bioaccumulation and release of mercury in Vigna mungo L. Heeper seedling. Journal stress Physiol. Biochem., 6: 56-63.
21. Raskin, I. and Ensley, B. D.  (2000). Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up The Environment, Wiley, New York. 
22. Dixit, Ruchita ; Wasiullah ; Deepti Malaviya ; Kuppusamy Pandiyan ; Udai B. Singh ; Asha Sahu ; Renu Shukla ; Bhanu P. Singh ; Jai P. Rai ; Pawan Kumar Sharma ; Harshad Lade ; and Diby Paul .(2015).Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview of Principles and Criteria of  Fundamental Processes.Sustainability 2015, 7, 2189-2212; doi:10.3390/su7022189.ISSN 2071-1050 . 
23. Weyens,N. ; Van der Lelies,D. ; Taghavi,S. ; Newman, L. and Van gronsveld.(2009). Exploiting plant-microbe partnerships to i bromass procluction and remediationl.Trends in Biotechnology, 27(10): 591-598.
24. Karimi, Nooshin.(2013). Comparative phytoremediation of chromium-contaminated soils by Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench.International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(3): 44-49.
25. Putnam, D.(2001). Sustaining the soil for future generations (Alfalfa), Califomia Alfalfa and Forage. Association. http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu and http://www.mother'com/-cafal.
26. Wu, C.H.; Wood, T.K.; Mulchandani, A. and  Chen, W.(2006). Engineering plant-microbe symbiosis for rhizoremediation of heavy metals. Appl.Environ. Microbiol.72, 1129–1134.
27. Ana, Lúcia Leitão.(2009). Potential of Penicillium species in the   bioremediation field.  Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 6, 1393-1417; doi:10.3390/ijerph6041393. 
28. Dugal, S. and Gangawane, M.(2012). J.of chem. and pharm. Res. 4 (5) :2362-2366.
29. Ma, Y.; Prasad, M.N.; Rajkumar, M.; Freitas, H.(2011). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes accelerate phytoremediation of metalliferous soils. Biotechnol. Adv. 29, 248–258.
30. Salah, Emad A. Mohammad; Zaidan, Tahseen A. and Al-Rawi , Ahmed S. (2012). Assessment of heavy metals pollution in the sediments of Euphrates river, Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4, 1009-1023. Doi:10.4236/jwarp.2012.412117.
31. Metin, D. and Sami , O.(2001). Determination of some fungal Metabolite as influenced by temperature, time, PH, and Sugar by Biomass Method. Turkish Journal of  Biology, 25: 197-203.
32. الشبلی، ماجد کاظم((2014. دور الفطرین Fusarium و Alternaria فی التحلل البایلوجی للمبید راوند اب. مجلة القادسیة للعلوم الصرفة..18-1 (2)19
33. Watanabea, Tsuneo.(2002).Pictorial A Has of soil and seed fungi morphologies of culture fungi and key to species.2nd edt.CRC Press.506pp.
34. Booth , T . ; Gorrie , S .and Mabsin , T.M. (1988 ).Life Strategies among fungal,assemblages onSalicornia europase agg . Mycologia : 80: 176-191.
35. الکرطانی، عبد الکریم عریبی سبع وشیماء، عبد محمد علی.2014) ). تأثیر طرائق التعقیم المختلفة وتکرارها فی بعض المجامیع المیکروبیة ونمو نبات فول الصویا Glycin max L. فی تربة جبسیة. مجلة الأنبار للعلوم الزراعیة، المجلد12العدد (2).
36. محمد، سعاد یحیى و نضال، یونس محمد و هبة، عبدلله احمد.(.(2012  تأثیر النحاس وحامض السالسیلک فی اکتساب المقاومة الجهازیة فی نبات الفاصولیا لوقایتها من الفطر Rhizoctonia solani. مجلة زراعة الرافدین .المجلد (40):العدد(1).
37. المالکی، دینا عبدالسلام وعلی، هاشم الموسوی.(2014). الاستصلاح البایولوجی للترب الملوثة بالنیکل والرصاص باستعمال نبات الباقلاء Vicia faba L. وفطر المایکورایزا Glomus mosseae.
38. حمدان، نور طالب. .(2011)تأثیر فطر المایکورایزا Glomus mosseae وبکتریا Azotobacter chroococcum ومستویات الأسمدة الکیمیائیة فی زیادة بعض معاییر النمو والإنتاجیة فی الذرة الصفراء Zea mays . رسالة ماجستیر.کلیة العلوم_الجامعة المستنصریة.
39. Hoagland, D. R. and Arnon, D. I. (1950). The water-culture method forgrowing plants without soil. Calif. Agric. Exp. Station Circ.347:1–32.
40. Ali, Hazrat ; Naseer, Muhammad and Sajad , Muhammad Anwar.(2012). Phytoremediation of heavy metals by Trifolium alexandrinum. International Journal  of  Environmental sciences  Volume 2(3).
41. الفهداوی، إیناس فهد ناجی سمیر..(2012) تأثیر الأسمدة النیتروجینیة والتلوث بعنصری الکادمیوم والرصاص فی بعض الصفات المظهریة والفسلجیة والحاصل للقمح صنف إباء 99. رسالة ماجستیر.کلیة العلوم _قسم علوم الحیاة_جامعة الانبار.
42. Tvinnereim, H.M.; Eide, R. ; Riise, T.; Fosse, G. and Wesenberg, G.R. (1999). Zinc in primary teeth from children in Norway. Sci. Total Environ. 226:201-212.
43. حمید،مروان سالم و طالب، عوید الخزرجی وخلیل، ابراهیم بندر. (2013). دراسة التغیرات الفصلیة للفطریات المعزولة من ترب ملوثة بالمخلفات النفطیة فی بیجی، محافظة صلاح الدین. مجلة تکریت للعلوم الصرفة، 18(5)، ص 114-122.
44. Abdullah, W.R. and Abdullah, S.K. (2009).Taxonomic study on black   aspergilli from soil in Kurdistan region of Iraq. J.Duhok Univ. 12 (special  issue), 288-295.
45. Obire, O.; Anyanwu, E. C. and Okigbo, R.N.(2008). Saprophytic and crude oil-degrading fungi from cow dung and poultry droppings as bioremediating agents. International Journal of Agricultural Technology. 4(2): 81-89.                                
46. Peralta, J.R. ; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. ; Tiemann, K.J. ; Gómez, E. Arteaga, S.; Rascon, E. and Parsons, J.G.(2000). Study Of the Effects OF Heavy Metals On Seed Germination and Plant Growth On Alfalfa Plant (Medicago sativa) Grown IN Solid Media. Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research: 135-140.
47. Peralta, J.R. ; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. ; Tiemann, K.J.; Gomez E. ; Arteaga, S. ; Rascon, E. and Carrillo, G. (2001). Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and  plant growth  in  alfalfa  (Medicago  sativa). Bulletin  of  Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66:727-734.
48. Hall, J.L.(2002). Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification   and tolerance. Journal Experimental Botany, 53(366): 1-11.
49. Korzeniowska, J.;  Stanisławska-Glubiak, E. and Igras, J.(2011). Applicability of energy crops for metal phytostabilization of soils moderately contaminated with copper, nickel and zinc. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 9(3-4):693-697.
50. McBride, M.B. (2001). Cupric ion activity in peat soil as a toxicity indicator for maize. J. Environ. Qual., 30: 78-84.
51. Burzynski, M. and Klobus, G.(2004). Changes of photosynthetic parameters in cucumber leaves under Cu, Cd, and Pb stress. Photosynthetica 42(14):505-510.
52. Windham, M.; Elad, T.; and Baker, R.(1986). A mechanism for increased plant growth induced Trichoderma sp. Phyopath. 76:518-521.
53. Graham , R.D. and Webb , M.J. (1991). Micronutrients and disease resistance and tolerance in plant. Soil Sci. Soc. Of Amer. (7). 329-340.