Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

University of Anbar - College of Science

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the statistical distribution of blood group, beside the studying of genotypic frequencies and allelic frequencies in various samples. Three hunderds and eighteen individuals are used as sample representative of patients with Chronic Diseases, 142 patients with Hypertension, 176 patients with Diabetes Mellitus. The results revealed that O blood group higher followed by B then A and finally AB blood group. The results also showed overcome the positive pattern of Rh+ in comparison with the negative pattern of Rh- in all samples. Allelic frequencies calculation of blood groups for these systems were showed the highest frequency was allele i followed by allele IB and allele IA for the ABO system in the three samples, And the allele dominant D showed common on the recessive allele d in all the samples studied.There is strong evidence to suggest that there is an association between ABO blood groups and certain diseases, Therefore this study investigated the possible association of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and Hypertension with ABO type. The data were derived from 318 patient included 142 subjects hypertension, And 167 subjects had diabetes mellitus attending health centers and laboratories in Baghdad. The statistical analysis showed that there is a high significance differences and that the blood groups as possible to be an early indicator to have Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. And blood groups were compared to determined the relationship of each group with the disease, Statistical analysis showed that the O blood group have a greater risk with the disease when compared with the other groups. There is a possibility equal to the injury of the disease in people with two blood groups A and B, While the AB blood group have little chance when compared with the rest of groups, This is in the case of Hypertension. As in the case of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, The statistical analysis showed that there is a possibility equal to the injury of the disease in people with two O and B blood groups, Followed by people with A blood group, And the likelihood of injury in people with blood group AB was the least comparing to the other group

Keywords

Main Subjects

1.Calafell, F. ,Roubinet, F. , Ramirez-Soriano, A. , Saitou, N. , Bertranpetit, J. and Blancher, A. (2008).Evolutionary dynamics of the human ABO gene. Hum. Genet., 124: 123-35.
2. Anesi, L. ,Gemmis, P. , Galla, D. and Hladnik, U.(2012). Two new large deletions of the AVPR2 gene causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and a review of previously published deletions. Nephrol Dial Transplant,27: 3705-3712.
3. Jorde,  LB. and Wooding, SP. (2004). Genetic variation, classification and ‘race’. Nat. Genet., 36: 28-33.
4. Tregouet, D. A., Heath. S., Saut, N., Andreani, C., Schved, J. F., Pernod, G., Galan, P., Drouet, L., Zelenika, D., Vague, I., Alessi, M. C. ,Tiret, L., Lathrop, M., Emmerich, J. and Morange, P. E. (2009). Common susceptibility alleles are unlikely to contribute as strongly as the FV and ABO loci to VTE ris. Blood, 113: 5298-5303.
5. Yamamoto, F., Cid, E., Yamamoto, M., and Blancher, A. (2011). ABO Research in the Modern Era of Genomics. Transfusion Med. Rev., 1532-9496.
6. Stine, G. J. (1973). Laboratory exercises in genetics .Macmillan , New York.
7.Brown, D. D., Wensink, P. C. and Jordan, E. (1972). Comparison of the ribosomal DNA's of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri: the evolution of tandem genes. J. Mol. Biol., 63:57-73.
8. Strickberger, M.(1976). Genetics . 2nd ed. Macmillan , New York.
9. Fakhrie, S. D. (1966). Rates of blood group in IRAQ. Blood Transtus Sydney. Abstract, 137.
10. Simonson, D.C. (1988). Etiology and Prevalence of Hypertension in Diabetic Patients. 11: 27-821.
11. Epstein, M. and Sowers, J. R. (1992). Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension. 19: 18 -403.
12. Colhoun, H. M., Dong, W., Barakat, M. T., Mather, H. M. and Poulter, N.R. (1999). The Scope for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Intervention Among People With Diabetes in England. Diabet.           Med, 16: 35-40.
13. Holdsworth, P. J., Thorogood, J., Benson, E. A and Clayden, A. D. (1985). Blood group as a prognostic indicator in breast cancer. Bmj.,  290: 671–3.
14. Sadiq, M. A. (1989). Comparative study of some genetical triates of Ninawa population with Iraq population. J. Edu. Sci., 9: 100-112 .
15. Mouhaus, H. A., Hameed, S. A., Salih, A. M. and Kassim, H. M., (2010). A study of ABO blood group and Rhesus factor distribution among sample of Missan province population. J. of Basrah Res., 36: 84-53.
16. Khan, M. N. ,Khaliq, I. , A. Bakhsh, A. , Akhtar, M.S. and Amin-ud-Din, M. (2009). Distribution of ABO and Rh D blood groups in the population of Poonch district, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. 15(3): 717- 721.
17. AL-Rubeai, M. A. (1975). Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide and blood groups in the Iraqi population (sample from Baghdad) Bull. Coll. Sci. 16: 205 -215.
18. Gautam, I. and Sharma, J.D. (2012). Determination of frequency of occurrence of ABO blood group in sagar. Transfusion, 2: 235-237.
19. Mostafa, S. Sh., Kargar, S., Ali, M. D., Neamatzadeh, H., Aboueian-Jahromi, M. (2015). Frequency Distribution of ABO/Rh Blood Group Systems in Breast Cancer, Yazd, 2007 – 2013. Zahedan J. Res. Med. Sci. 17: 1-5.
20. Walaa, E.J. (2012). Association of ABO blood group in Iraqis with hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Eastern Mediterranean Health J. 18: 888-891.
21. Maxwell, R.D. and Maxwell, K.N. (1955). ABO blood groups and hypertension, BMJ, 16: 179-180.
22. Nishi, K., Gupta, N.K. and Sharma, S.C. (2012). Study on the Incidence of Hypertension and Migrainein ABO Blood Groups. ISCA J. of Biol. Sci., 1(2): 12-16.
23. Supratik, B., Ganaraja, B. and Bhat, R. (2010). Correlation between the blood groups, BMI and prehypertension among medical students. J Chinese Clin. Med.,5: 78-82.
24. Hadeal, S. A. (2008). Association of ABO and Rh Blood Groups with Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension in Basrah City. Basrah J. Sci., 26: 29-37.
25. Robinson, M.T., Wilson, T. and Nicholson, G.A. (2004). AGT and RH blood group polymorphisms affect blood pressure and lipids in Afro-Caribbeans, J. Hum. Hypertens.,18: 351- 363.
26. O'Donnell, J. S. and Lasffan, M. A. (2001). The relationship between ABO histo-blood group, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. Transfusion Med., 11: 343-351.
27. Haque, K. M. and Rahman, M. (2000). An unusual case of ABO-hemolytic disease of the newborn. Bangladesh Med. Res. Council Bull., 26: 61-64.
28. Williams, S. M. (2000). Combinations of variation in multiple genes are associated with hypertension. Hypertension, 36: 2-11.
29. Adler, A. I., Stratton, I. M and Neil, H. A. (2000). Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes: prospective observational study. British Med. J., 321: 412-419.
30. Kroke, A., Saracci, R. and Boeing, H. (2002). The effect of differences in measurement procedure on the comparability of blood pressure estimates in multi-centre studies. Blood Press Monitoring, 7: 95-104.
31. Kirk, R. L., Serjeantson, S.W., King, H. and Zimmet, P. (1985). The genetic epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 194: 119-46.
32.Qureshi, M. A. and Bhatti R. (2003). Frequency of ABO blood groups among the diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. J. Coll Phy. Surg. Pak. 13: 453-455.
33. Henry, M. U. and Poon-King, T. (1961). Blood groups and diabetes. West Ind Med J., 10: 156-60.
34. Sidhu, L. S., Malhotra, P. and Singh, S.P. (1988). ABO and Rh blood groups in diabetes mellitus. Anthropol. Anz., 46: 269-275.
35. Rahman, M. (1976). Association of ABO blood groups with diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Med. Res. Counc. Bull., 2: 144-6