Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 University of Anbar / College of Science
2 The Ministry of Science and Technology
Abstract
The study included isolate and diagnose some fungi from possible contamination sites in Al-Ramadi city. And inoculated the liquid culture media contaminated with differing concentrations of lead and chromium by this fungus and two periods 7 and 14 days. results showed the fungus Fusarium sp. records the highest rate of removal of lead and chromium, and the duration of has no effect mentioned on the rate of removal of the lead and chromium, as the relationship between increase in lead and chromium concentration in the liquid media and the ability of fungi on removal was inverse.
1. Greman, H.; Vodnik, D.; Velikonja-Bolta, Š.; and Leštan, D. (2003). Heavy metals in the environment. Journal of Environmental Quality 32: 500-506.
2. Shazia, Iram; Uzma; Gul Rukh Sadia and Ara Talat.(2013). Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Using Isolates of Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Collected from Polluted Soil of Kasur, Pakistan. International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2(12): 66-73, December .
3. Malizia, Daniela; Antonella Giuliano; Giancarlo Ortaggi and Andrea Masotti. (2012). Common plants as alternative analytical tools to monitor heavy metals in soil. Chemistry Central Journal 6(Suppl 2):S6 .
4. Singh , A.; Shekar Kumar, Ch.; Agarwal, A. (2011). Phytotoxicity of cadmium and lead in Hydrill verticillata (I.F). J. Phyt. 3(8), 1-4.
5. Jozefczack,marijke; Tony Remans; Jaco Vangronsveld and Ann Cuypers.(2012) Glutathione Is a Key Player in Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress Defenses.International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13 :3145-3175.
6. Low, K. S.; Lee, C. K.; Liew, S. C. (2000). Sorption of Cadmium and Lead form aqueous solution by spent grain. Proc. Biochem., 36 (1-2), 59-64.
7. Nriagu, JO.(1989). A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metal. Nature, 338:47-49.
8. WHO (1995).Lead.Environmental Health Criteria,vol. 165. Geneva: World Health Organization.
9. Sengar, R. S.; Gautam, M.; Sengar, R.S.; Sengar, R.S.; Garg, S.K.; Sengar, K. and Chaudhary, R. (2009). Lead stress effects on physiobiochemical activities of higher plants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 196:1–21.
10. Hernandez, LE. Cooke, DT. (1997). Modification of the root plasma membrane lipid composition of cadmium-treated Pisum sativum. J Exp Bot 48:1375–1381.
11. Zou, J. ; Wang, M. ;Jiang, W.and Liu, D.(2006). “Chromium accumulation and its effects on other mineral elements in Amaranthus viridis L,” Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica, 48(1): 7–12.
12. Mohanty, M. and Patra, H. K. (2013). Effect of ionic and chelate assisted hexavalent chromium on mung bean seedlings (Vigna radiate L. wilczek. var k-851) during seedling growth. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry, 9(2): 232–241.
13. Nematshahi,N.; Lahouti, M. and Ganjeali, A.(2012). “Accumulation of chromium and its effect on growth of (Allium cepa cv. Hybrid),” European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(4): 969–974.
14. Shanker, A. K. ; Cervantes, C.; Loza-Tavera, H. and Avudainayagam, S. (2005). “Chromium toxicity in plants,” Environment International31(5): 739–753.
15. Emamverdian, Abolghassem ; Ding, Yulong ; Mokhberdoran, Farzad and Xie Yinfeng.(2015). Heavy Metal Stress and Some Mechanisms of Plant Defense Response. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. The Scientific World Journal.Volume 2015, Article ID 756120, 18 pages.
16. Rajakaruna, Nishanta; Kathleen M. Tompkins and Peter G. Pavicevic. (2006). Phytoremediation : an affordable green technology for the clean-up of metal-contaminated sites in SRI LANKA. Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 35 (1): 25-39, 2006.
17. Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. and Pilon, M. (2002). Phytoremediation of metals using transgenic plants. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences21: 439-456.
Pinedo-Rivilla, C.; Aleu, J.and Collado, I.G.(2009). Pollutants biodegradation by fungi. Curr. Org. Chem.2009, 13, 1194–1214.
18. Vidali, M.(2001). Bioremediation.Pure Appl. Chem., 73(7): 1163-1172.
19. Salah, Emad A. Mohammad; Zaidan, Tahseen A. and Al-Rawi , Ahmed S. (2012). Assessment of heavy metals pollution in the sediments of Euphrates river, Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4,1009-1023. Doi:10.4236/jwarp.2012.412117.
20. Metin, D. and Sami , O.(2001). Determination of some fungal Metabolite as influenced by temperature, time, PH, and Sugar by Biomass Method. Turkish Journal of Biology, 25: 197-203.
21. الشبلی، ماجد کاظم((2014. دور الفطرین Fusarium و Alternaria فی التحلل البایلوجی للمبید راوند اب. مجلة القادسیة للعلوم الصرفة..18-1 (2)19
22.Watanabea, Tsuneo.(2002).Pictorial A Has of soil and seed fungi morphologies of culture fungi and key to species.2nd edt.CRC Press.506pp.
23. Booth , T . ; Gorrie , S .and Mabsin , T.M. (1988 ).Life Strategies among fungal, assemblages onSalicornia europase agg . Mycologia : 80: 176-191.
24. Prasad, Arun A. S. ; Varatharaju, G.; Anushri , C. and Dhivyasree, S.(2013).Biosorption of Lead by Pleurotus florida and Trichoderma viride.British Biotechnology Journal:3(1): 66-78.
25. Tarangini K. and Satpathy G. R. (2009). Biosorption of Heavy Metals using Individual and Mixedcultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis. National Institute of Technology, rourkela-769008. orissa, India.
26. Nassef, M.; Hannigan, R.(2006)." Determination of some heavy metal in the environment of Sadat industrial city" Enviromental Physics Conferences 18-22 Feb Alexandria .Egept .
27. Babalola O ; Babajido.( 2009)." Selected heavy metals and electrolyte level in blood of workers and resident of Industrial communities"African journal of Bio chemistry and Research, 3 (3): . 37-40.
28. Congeevaram, S.; Dhanarani, S.; Park, J.; Dexilin, M. and Thamaraiselvi, K.(2007). Biosorption of chromium and nickel by heavy metal resistant fungal and bacterial isolates. J. Hazard.Mater.146,270.
29. Dixit, Ruchita ; Wasiullah ; Deepti Malaviya ; Kuppusamy Pandiyan ; Udai B. Singh ; Asha Sahu ; Renu Shukla ; Bhanu P. Singh ; Jai P. Rai ; Pawan Kumar Sharma ; Harshad Lade ; and Diby Paul .(2015).Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview of Principles and Criteria of Fundamental Processes.Sustainability 2015, 7, 2189-2212; doi:10.3390/su7022189.ISSN 2071-1050.
30. Abdullah, W.R. and Abdullah, S.K. (2009).Taxonomic study on black aspergilli from soil in Kurdistan region of Iraq. J.Duhok Univ. 12 (special
issue), 288-295.
31. Obire, O.; Anyanwu, E. C. and Okigbo, R.N.(2008). Saprophytic and crude oil-degrading fungi from cow dung and poultry droppings as bioremediating agents. International Journal of Agricultural Technology. 4(2): 81-89.
32.الدباغ، هبة هادی طه. (2011). عزل وتشخیص الفطریات المصاحبة لبعض انواع نباتات ثلاثیة ورباعیة الکربون. رسالة ماجستیر.کلیة التربیة. حامعة تکریت.
33. Yang , S.S. (2005) . Development and application potential of biofertiliters. Agric.Biol. Technol. Indust Quart. 4 : 9-17.
34. عبد الحمید، بهاء عبد الجبار(2009) . کفاءة الفطر Trichodermaharzianumفی جاهزیة بعض العناصر الغذائیة. مجلة دیالى للعلوم الزراعیة، .41-30: (2) 1
35. Zafer, S. ; Aqil, F. and Ahmad, I. ( 2007). Metal tolerance and biosorption potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal contaminated agricultural. Soil Bioresour. Technology, 98: 2557-2561.
36. Iram, Shazia ; Iftikhar Ahmad ; Barira Javed ; Saeeda Yaqoob; Kulsoom Akhtar , Munawar Razakazmi and Badar-Uz-Zaman.(2009).Fungal
)
