Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 University of Salahaddin - College of Science
2 Hawler Medical University - College of Nursing
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the differences in the adsorption behavior of three pesticides, nonionic atrazine [2-chloro-4-ethyl amino- 6-isopropylamino-1,3,5,-triazine], an ionic picloram [ 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid] and anilide group propanil [N-3,4-dichlorophenyl) propanaamide] on eight agricultural soil samples. Data from batch equilibrium method revealed that the adsorption of herbicides on the selected soil samples followed the first order rate law. Propanil exhibited the faster rate of accumulation with 24.82% adsorption on the soil solid matrix after 0.5h as compared to that for picloram and atrazine 18.98%, 13.9% respectively. The standard error (S.E) values were from 0.034 to 1.000, 0.007 to 0.983 and from 0.691 to 0.859 for atrazine, picloram and propanil respectively. Linear, Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to describe the adsorption of the three pesticides. Values of distribution coefficient (Kd) indicated moderate to low adsorption for atrazine (mean calculated Kd: 1.1597 mlg-1) while slightly higher for picloram (mean calculated Kd: 1.5779 mlg-1) and highest for propanil adsorption (mean calculated Kd: 12.662 mlg-1) and consequently there is no considerable risk of ground water contamination. Wide variation in adsorption affinities of the soils to the pesticides was observed, Kd values for atrazine varied between 0.951 and 1.53 mlg-1 while for picloram between 0.99 and 2.309 and for propanil between 9.044 and 16.56 mlg-1.
Keywords
- G.R. Hallberg, Agric., Ecosys. Environ, 26:299-367 (1989).
- M. Leistra, Boesten, J.J.T.I. Agric., Ecosys. Environ., 26: 369-389 (1989).
- M.F. Legrand, E. Costentin and A. Bruchet, Environ. Technol., 12:985-996 (1991).
- E. Funari, L. Donati, D. Sandroni and M. Vighi, CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 3-44 (1995).
- D.W. Kolpin, J.E. Barbash and R.E. Gilliom, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32:558-566 (1998).
- J.S. Aulakh and A.K. Malik, J. Analytic. Chemist, 35:71-85 (2005).
- H. S. Niels, H. Arne and Keinrichson ,Chemosphere, 2006.
- L. Clausen, I. Fabricius, and L. Madsen, Environ. Quality, 30:846-857(2001).
- G. Licia, P. Fiorenzo and G. Giuseppe, J. Environ. Poll., 344-353 (2006).
- E. Timea, M. Aurel, and F. Rita, Chemosphere, (2004).
- L. J. Krutz, S. A. Senseman, K.J. Mclnnes, D. W. Hoffman and D.P. Tierney, J. Environ. Qual., 33:939-945 (2004).
- E. K. Michael, M. J. Peter, B. C. Lee, J. T. Brandi and A. M. Joseph, J. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer., 66:1878-1881(2002).
- M. Arienzo, T. Crisanto, M.J. Sanchez-Martin and M. Sanchez-Camazano, J. Agric. Food Chem., 42:1803-1808 (1994).
- Kozak, J. In: A. Piccolo (Ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 625-664 (1996).
- Sanchez-Camazano, M.J. Sanchez-Martin and R. Delgado-Pascual, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48:3018-3026 (2000).
- R.S. Kookana, S. Baskaran and R. Naidu, Aust. J. Soil Ref., 36: 715-64 (1998).
- C.R. Warthing, C. R and R.J. Hance." The Pesticie Manual",9 edition The British Crop Protection Concil, Famham, Surrey,UK. (1991).
- Wauchope,R. D., Buttler, T. M., Hornsby A. G., Augustijn-Beckers, P. W. M. and Burt, J. P. ScS/ARS/CES "Pesticide Properties Database for Environmental Decision making". Reviews of Environment Contamination and Toxicology. 1992. 123:8-21.
- Angus J. Beek and Kevin C. Jones. "The Effects of Particle Size, Organic Matter Content, Crop Residues and Dissolved Organic Matter on the Sorption Kinetics of Atrazine and Isoproturon by Clay Soil". Chemosphere. 1996. 32(12):2345-2358.
- P. Nkedi – kizza, D. Shinde, M. R.Savabi, Y. Ouyang, and L. Nieves. "Sorption Kinetics and Equlibria of Organic Pesticides in Carbonatic Soils from South Florida". J. Environ. Qual.2006. 35:268-276.
- Scribner, S. L., T. R. Benzing. S. Sun, and S. A. Boyd. "Desorption and Bioavailability of Aged Simazine Residues in Soil from Continuous Field". J.Environ. Qual. 1992. 21:115-120.
- Kahan, S. "Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of the Adsorption Studies of the Adsorption of 2,4-D and Picloram on Humic Acid". Canadian Journal of soil Science, .1973. 53:429-434.
- Nearpass, D.C. "Adsorption of Picloram by Humic Acids and Humin". Soil Sci.1976. 121:272-277.
- P. Sukul and M. Spiteller, Chemosphere, 45(6-7):941-947 (2001).
- M. Soledad, R. Andridasa, S. Rodri, M. Guez-Cruz, M. Jesus Sanchez-Martin & M. Sanchez-Camazano, January-March, Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 84(1-3): 133-141 (2004).
- Ioannis k. konstantinou, Antonios k. Zarkadis. And Triantafyllos A. Albanis. "Photodegradation of Selected Herbicides in Various Natural Waters and Soil under Environmental Conditions". J. Environ. Qual. 2001. 30:121-130.
- Tarek A. T. Aboul-Kassim, Bernd R.T. Simoneit. "Microbial Transformation at Aqueous-Solid Phase Interfaces: A bioremediation Approach". The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Spring-Verlag Berlin Heilberg 2001. Vol.5 Part E.
- Deuel, L.E. Jr., K. W. Brown, F.C. Turner, D.G.J.D. Westfall, and Price. "Resistance of Propanil, DCA, and TCAB in Soil and Water under Flooded Rice Culture". J. Enviroron. Qual. 1977. 6(2):127-132.
- R. Ahmad, R.S. Kookana, and A.M. Alston, bulletin of Environ. Contaminat. and toxicol., 66:313-318 (2001).
- M. Kafia and S. George, Chemosphere, Received at Dec. 07 2007, Accepted at Feb. 14 2008.
- G. Suman, and V. T. Gajbhiye, J. of Environ. Sci. and health, B37(6):573-586 (2002).
- K.M. Sundaram, J. Curry and M. Landmark, J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 30:827-839 (1995).
- K. Marcelo, M. Alejandra and O. Rodrigo, Pesq. Agropec. Bras., Brasilia., 38(4):513-519 (2003).
- R.S. Sebastain, S. Anne, S.J. Ole and A. Jens, Environ. Poll. 141:184-194 (2006).
- R. Calvet, Environ. Health Perspec. 83:145-177 (1989).
- Blacke, G.U., Georgi, A., Woszidlo, S., Kopinke, F.-D.,and Poerschmann, J. "Ultilization of Immobilized Humic Organic Matter for in Situ Subsurface Remediation", in I. V. Perminova, N. Hertkorn, K.Hatfield, Use of Humic Substances to Remediate Polluted Environments: from Theory to Practice, Chapter .2005. 10:203-232.
- LaLadlslau Martin-Neto, Eni M. Vleira and Garrison Sposlto." Mechanism of Atrazine Sorption by Humic Acid: A Spectroscopic Study". Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994. 28: 1867-1873.
- E. Kremer and B. Zygment. "Accelerated Solvent Extraction-Gas Chromatographic Determination of Acidic Herbicides in Soil". Chem. Anal (water).2007. 52:673.
- L. cox, A. Cecchi, R. Celis, M. C. Hermosin, W. C. Koskinen and J. Cavenejo. "Effect of Oxygen’s carbon on Movement of Simazine and 2,4-D in Soils" Soil Soc Am J. 2001. 65:1688-1695.
- Pinho, A.p, Matos, A. T. Morris, L.A. Costa, L. M. "Atrazine and Picloram Adsorption in Organic Horizon, Forest Sample Under Loaboratory Conditions". Planta Daninha Vicosa. MG. 2007. 25(1):125-131.
- Joseph D.Rosen and Marie Siewierski. "Synthesis and Properties of 4-(3,4-Dichloroanilino)-3,3,4-Trichloazobenzene". J. AGR. Food Chem. 1971. 19(1):14-22.
- I. K. Konstantinon and T. A. Albanis. "Adsorption- Desorption Studies of Selected Herbicides in Soil –Fly Ash Mixture". J. Agrie. Food Chem. 2000. 48(10): 4780-4790.
- Carmine Crecchio, Maddalena Curci, Maria pizzigallo, patizia Ricciuti, Pacifico Ruggiro. "Molecular Approaches to Investigate Herbicide-Induced Bacterial Community Changes in Soil Microcosms" Biology and Fertility of Soils. 2004. 33( 6):460-466.
- S.A. Boyd, M.M. Mortland and C.T. Chiou , J. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 52: 652-657 (1988).
- A. Walker, M. Juradon-Exposito, G.D. Bending and V.J.R. Smith, Environ. Poll. 111(3):407-415 (2001).
)
