Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 University of Alanbar- College of Medicine

2 University of Alanbar - College of Pharmacy

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori infection is common in the developing countries. The cagAgene is a marker of pathogenicity island (PAI) in H. pylori. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cagAamong gastroduodenal disease (peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia) in patients of Ramadi-city. A total of 81 gastric biopsy samples, gastric ulcer 10 (12.30% ) ,duodenal ulcer 18 (22.20% ) and non-ulcer dyspepsia 53 (65.40% ) by endoscopic examination . cagAgene of H. pylori was assessed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cagAgene was detected by PCR technique in 3 from 10 biopsy specimens culture positive, urease test was showed 7(8.64%) patients, 2(2.5%) patients and 48(59.26%)patients after (2 hr, 6hr and 20 hr) respectively, ELISA positive result was showed 12(14.8%) patients.Urease test is easy test , inexpensive and can be use in endoscopy unit, but non-specific, culture is gold stander for detection of H.pylori, ELISA technique use for detection of anti-H.pyloriIgG , ELISA technique widly used for epidemiology studies. PCR assay used for detection of cagA gene.Using PCR to detect cagAgene from culture colony.The potential advantages of PCR include high specificity, quick results and the ability to type bacteria without the requirement for special transport conditions..

Keywords

Main Subjects

1- Blaser, M. J. (2006). "Who are we? Indigenous microbes and the ecology of human diseases". EMBO Reports. 7 (10): 956–60. 
2- Yamaoka, Y. (2008). Helicobacter pylori: Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Pr. ISBN 1-904455-31-X.
3- Brown, L.M. (2000). "Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission". Epidemiol Rev. 22 (2): 283–97.
4-Atherton, J.C. and Blaser, M.J.(2009). Coadaptation of Helicobacter pylori and human sancient history, modern implications. J. Clin. Invest. 119: 2475–2487.
5-Yamaoka, Y., Kodama, T., Kashima, K., Graham, D. Y. and Sepulveda, A. R.(1998). Variants of the 39 region of the cagA gene in Helicobacter pylori isolates from patients with different H. pylori-associated diseases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2258–2263.
6. Crabtree, J. E., Covacci, A., Farmery, S. M., Xiang, Z., Tompkins, D. S., Perry, S.
, Lindley, I. J. D. and Rappuoli, R.(1995). Helicobacter pylori induced interleukin-8 expression in gastric epithelial cells is associated with CagApositive phenotype. J. Clin. Pathol. 48:41–45
7. Shimoyama, T., Fukuda, S., Tanaka, M., Mikami, T., Saito, Y. and Munakata, A.(1997). High prevalence of the cagA-positive Helicobater pylori strains in Japanese asymptomatic patients and gastric cancer patients. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 32:465–468.
8-Aydin, F., Kaklikkaya, N., Ozgur, O., Cubukcu, K., Kilic, A.O., To sun, I. and Erturk, M. (2004). Distribution of vacA alleles and cagA status of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease and non-ulcer dyspepsia. Clin.Microbiol Infect. 10: 1102 - 1104.
9-Ashok, K. and Imran, K. (2010). Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Gastroduodenal diseases by Real Time PCR. 170-178.
10-Wroblewski, L.E., Peek, R.M. Jr. and Wilson, K.T.(2010). Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer factors that modulate disease risk. Clin. Microbiol Rev. 23:713-739.
11-Peek, R.M. and Blaser, M.J.(2002).“Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas, ”Nature Reviews Cancer. 2(1): 28–37.
12-Peek, R.M. Jr. and Crabtree, J.E.(2006). Helicobacter infection and gastric neoplasia. J. Pathol. 208:233-248.
13-Parkin, D.M., Bray, F., Ferlay, J. and Pisani, P.(2005). Global cancer statistics. CA. Cancer J. Clin. 55:74-108.
14-Patrice, A. M. (2000).Detection of Helicobacter pylori antibodies in Pediatric Populations. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38(7): 2800–2801.
15-Gramley, W., Asghar, A., Frierson, F. and Powell, M.(1999).Detection of Helicobacoter pylori DNA in faecal samples from infected individuals . J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 2236-40.
16-Bani-Hani, K. (2002). The current status of Helicobacter pylori. Saudi Med. J. 23:379-83.
17-Midolo, P. and Marshall, R.J.(2000). Accurate diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. Urease tests. Gastroenterol Clin. North Am. 29: 871–878.
18-Kargar, M., Baghernejad, M. and Doosti, A.(2010). Role of NADPH insensitive nitroreductase gene to metronidazole resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains. 18 (2): 137 -140.
19-AL-Jobori, M.M. (2012):Detection of 16sr RNA gene of Helicobacter pylori in patient with peptic ulcer and gastric carcinoma: molecular and bacteriological study .Helicobacter pylori .J. Clin. Pathol.8:34–51.
20-Tiwarisk, A.A. , Ahmed, K.S., Ahmed, I., Kauser, F., Hussain, M.A., Ali, S.M., Alvi, A., Habeeb, A., Abid, Z., Ahmed, N. and Habibullah, C.M. (2005). Rapid diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients using salivary secretion: a non-invasive approach .Original Article Singapore Med. J. 46(5) : 224
21-Smidolo, P. and Marshall, R.J.(2000).Accurate diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. Urease tests. Gastroenterol Clin. North .29: 11-16.
22-Agulla, A., Merino, F.J., Villasante, P.A., Saz, J.V., Diaz, A. and Velasco, A.(1987). Evaluation of four enrichment media for isolation of campylobacter jejuni. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:174-5.
23-Suerbaum, S. and Michetti, P. (October 2002). "Helicobacter pylori infection". N. Engl. J. Med.347 (15): 1175–86.
24-Luigina, C., Rossella, G., Luciano, A. and Leonardo, M. (2010). Detection of Helicobacter pylori in saliva and esophagus. 33: 351-357.
25-Karnes, W.E., Samloff, I.M. and Sivrala, M.(1991). Positive serum antibody and negative tissue staining for H.pylori in subjects with atrophic body gastritis. Gastroenterology.101:167-174.
26-Iwahi, T., Satoh, H. and Nakao, M. (1991). Lansprazole, a novel benzimidazole proton pump inhibitor, and its related compounds have selected activity against H.pylori. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 35:490-496.
27-Jonkers, D., Stobberingh, E. and Stockbrugger, R.(1996). Influence of oropharyngeal flora and specimen pretreatment on the recovery of Helicobacter pylori. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol Infect Dis. 15: 378-382.
28-Logan, R.P. and Walker, M.M.(2001). ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Epidemiology and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. BMJ . 323: 920-2.
29-Rasool, E., Homayoon, D., Ardavan, G., Behrooz, P. and Manuchehr, N.(2008). Saliva or serum, which is better for the diagnosis of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection? 3(3):121-125.
30-Thijs, J.C., van Zwet, A.A. and Thijs, W.J.(1996). Diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori: a prospective evaluation of their accuracy, without selecting a single test as the gold standard. Am. Gastroenterol. 91: 2125-2129.
 31-Nurgalieva, Z.Z., Opekun, A.R. and Graham, D.Y. (2006). Problem of distinguishing false-positive tests from acute or transient Helicobacter pylori infections. J. Helicobacter. 11:69–74.
32-Hannan, A.H.Ibrahim, A. Al-MoflehAhmad, M. Al -AkwaaSuliman, M. Al- Humayed and Mohammad, T. Al -Habbal.(2000).Use of serum immunoglobulins G and A for detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients by enzyme immunosorbent assay. 4-5.         
33-Kabir, S.( 2001). Detection of Helicobacter pylori in feces by culture, PCR, and enzyme immunoassay. J. Med. Microbiol. 50:1021–1029.
34-Dewhirst, F.E., Shen, Z., Scimeca, M.S., Stokes, L.N., Boumenna, T., Chen, T., Paster, B.J. and Fox, J.G. (2005). Discordant 16S and 23S rRNA gene phylogeniesfor the genus Helicobacter: implications for phylogenetic inference and systematic. Journal of Bacteriology.187: 6106-6118.
35-Twing, K.I., Kirchman, D.L. and Campbell, B.J. (2011). Temporal study of Helicobacter pylori presence incoastal freshwater, estuary and marine waters. Water Research. 45: 1897- 1905..
36-Khan, M.M., Stoker, N.G. and Drasar, B.S. (2000).Sequence diversity of a fragment of the 16S RNA gene from Helicobacter pylori. Microbios. 103:139-150
37-Loffert, D. et al. (1997). PCR: Effects of template quality. Qiagen News 1: 8–10.
38-Bindayna, K.M., Al Baker, W.A. and Botta, G.A. (2006). Detection of Helicobacter pylori cagA gene in gastric biopsies, clinical isolates and faeces. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 24(3):195-200.
39-Huang, Y., Fan, X.G., Tang, Z.S., Liu, L., Tian, X.F. and Li, N. (2006). Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in peripheral blood from patients with peptic ulcer or gastritis. APMIS. 114: 851–856.
 40-Amieva, M.R., Vogelmann, R., Covacci, A., Tompkins, L.S., Nelson, W.J. and Falkow, S. (2003). Disruption of the epithelial apical-junctional complex by Helicobacter pylori CagA. Science. 300:1430–4.
41-Smith, S. I., Oyedeji, K. S., Arigbabu, A. O., Cantet, F., Megraud, F., Ojo, O. O., Uwaifo, A. O., Otegbayo, J. A., Ola, S. O., and Coker, A. O. ( 2004). Comparison of three PCR methods for detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA and detection of cagA gene in gastric biopsy specimens. World J. Gastroenterol. 10:1958–1960.   
42-Feldman, R. A.(2001). Epidemiologic observations and open questions about disease and infection caused by Helicobacter pylori, p. 29-41.
43-Marinko, M., Vladimir P., Miroslava, K., Mara, D. and Smilja, K.(2006). Serologic methods for Helicobacter Pylori infection, Coll. Antropol. 30 (3): 529–533.
44-Peterson, W.L., Graham, D.Y., Marshall, B., Blaser, M.J., Genta, R.M. and Klein, P.D.(1993). Clarithromycin as monotherapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a randomized, double blind trial. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 88:1860-1864.
45-Cutler, A.F. and Prasad, V.M. (1996). Long term follow up of Helicobacter pylori serology after successful eradication. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 91:85-87.