Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Tikrit University-College of Education for Girls

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the effects of the different stages of pregnancy and fetus genderon Estrogen , Progesterone, Testosterone , TSH , T3 and T4 hormones during the pregnancy. This study took place on (90) pregnant women in different stages of pregnancy and determine each stage three months pregnancy , women's ages ranged between (40-15) years , was withdrawn 5mlof bloodfrom pregnant women were then separated the serum ,to measuredthe concentrations of hormones using a number of measurement of kitsto each hormone .The results shown signigicant effect (P <0.05) in estrogen in the first and the third temisterscompared with the intermediatetemister . significant decrease (P <0.05) in the effect of progesterone in the firsttemister, compared with the second and thirdtemisters. Did not notice any significant differences of testosterone among other temisters of pregnancy. Outweigh the high (P <0.05) in the effect of the hormone TSH in the first temister and the second compared to the third temister. Significant decrease (P <0.05) in the effect of T3 in the second and third temisters compared with the first temister. Significant decrease P <0.05)) in effect T4 in the second phase compared with the first and third temisters. Female fetus significantly (P <0.05) in the effect of estrogen in the first temister, compared with the male sex in the third stage. Female fetus significantly (P <0.05) in the effect of progesterone in the first temister and the third compared with the male fetus. The male fetus significantly (P <0.05) in the effect of testosterone in the second and third temisters compared with the female fetus. And found significant (P <0.05) in the effect of TSH in the first temisterin the female fetus when compared with the male fetus. Significant (P <0.05) in the effect of T3 in the male fetus compared with the female fetus at all temisters. Significant (P <0.05) in the effect of T4 in the male fetus compared with the female fetus in the first and secondtemisters

Main Subjects

 (1)-Edmonds, D.K.(1999). Primary amenorrhea. In: Edmonds, D.K(ed) Dewhursts Textbook of obstetrics and Gynecology for postgraduates. 6thEd .London. pp.34-42.
-(2)نجیب, بدیعة وتوما, جانیت وفاخر, لیلى .(1982) تمریض النسائیة والتولید, وزارة التعلیم العالی والبحث العلمی,جامعة بغداد,المکتبة الوطنیة،ص130-119.
(3)- القیسی،سراب دلف خلف.2008)),متابعة الاجهاد التاکسدی والتغیرات الفسیولوجیة والکیموحیویة لدى النساء الحوامل, رسالة ماجستیر, کلیة العلوم, جامعة تکریت.
(4)- Gorden, M. (2002). Maternal physiology in pregnancy. In S. Gabbe. J. Niebyl. And J. Simpson (Eds) Obstetrics : Normal and problem pregnancies (4th.ed.) New York : Churchill Livingstone.
(5)- Balogh, A., Ditroi, F., & Lampe, L. G. (1981). LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone levels after discontinuation of hormonal contraception. Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med, 101,95.
(6)- Mihm, M.; Gangooly, S. and Muttukrishna, S. (2011). The normal menstrual cycle in women. Animal Reproduction Science 124 : 229-236.
(7)- Arck, P.; Hansen, P.J.; Mulac J. B.; Piccinni MP.;Szekeres-Bartho, J.(2007). Progesterone during pregnancy: ocrine-immune cross talk in mammalian species and the role of stress. Am. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 58:268–279
(8)-Tunancyija, M. (2011) . Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy. Review Acta University Ouluensis D. Midica 1092.
(9) Michael, V. L.;Emma, A; Bonnie, A.; Bhismadev, C.; Kevin, T.; Gerald H. Edward T. B.; and Simon B.(2012). Maternal testosterone levels during pregnancy are associated with offspring size at birth. The Journal of Neuroscience, January 11, 2012 • 32(2):674–680.
(10)- Bijay, V.; Roberto, N.; Kris P. ;and Joanne R. (20011). Thyroid and Pregnancy. Journal of Thyroid Research. Volume 2011, Article ID 680328, 3 pages doi:10.4061/2011/680328.
(11)- Carlsen1, S.M. ; Jacobsen1, G. and Romundstad, P. (2006). Maternal testosterone levels during pregnancy are associated with offspring size at birth. European Journal of Endocrinology (2006) 155 365–370.
(12)- Malene, B.; Julie, L.F.; Anders, J.; Ulla, FR.; Niels, E. S.; Linda, H.;Marla, C.; Torben, L.; Jørgen, F. L.; Jørgen, H. P.; and Katharina،M .M.(2009). Narrow intra-individual variation of maternal thyroid function in pregnancy based on a longitudinal study on 132 women. European Journal of Endocrinology 161: 903–910
(13)- Pasupathi, P;* V. Chandrasekar, V. ; and U. Senthil, U. K. (2009).Thyroid Hormone Changes in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women: A Case-Control Study. Thyroid Science 4(3):CLS1-5
(14)- Tletz, .(1994) Textbook of clinical chemistry.2nd ed. Philadolphia W.B. Saunders.
(15)- Tietz,N.W, ed., (1995) Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 3rd Edition, W.B Saunders, Co., Philadelphia,:509-512 .
(16)- Tiotz,NW, ED(1995) Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests .3rd ed Philadelphia. WA Saunders Co..
(17)- Bravermann,L.E. .(1996).: ''Evaluation of thyroid status in patients with thyrotoxicosis.'' Clin. Chem. 42,174-181.
(18)- Braverman,LE.(1996)..:''Evaluation of thyroid status in patients with thyrotoxicosis .'' Clin. Chem. 42, 174-178
(19)- Muzzaffari EL. Gharib H, (1998) ''Thyroxine suppressive therapy in patients with nodular thyroid disease . ''Ann interm Med,128,386-394.
المعهد العربی للبحوث الإحصائیة. SPSSدلیلک إلى البرنامج الإحصائی (2003)بشیر,سعد زغلول - (19)
 (20)- Klcin،N.A ;Battaglia، D.E; Fujimoto, V.Y.; Davis،G.S.; Bremmer, WJ., and Soules،M.R. (1996).Reproductive a gin . accelerated ovarian .follicular development associated with a mono tropic follicle –stimulating hormone rise in normal older women, J . Clin Endocrinol Mc tab 81:1038.
(21)- John, P. ; McLachlan, A. and Steven, F. A, (1996). Environmental Estrogens. American Scientist, Volume 84:452-461.
(22)- Robbins J & Nelson JH (1958) Thyroxinebinding by serum protein in pregnancy and in the newborn. J Clin Invest 37(2): 153–9.
(23)- Shahar, S. ; Mona, B. and Hedi, O. (2012). Prolactin and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity Reviews 11 : A465–A470.
(24)- Rothchild، I.; (1983). Role of progesterone in initiating and maintaining pregnancy Raven Pres, New York، pp219-229.
(25)- Al-Sebai, M. A.; . Kingsland, C. R. ; Kingsland, et al. (1995). "The role of a single progesterone measurement in the diagnosis of early pregnancy failure and the prognosis of fetal viability." Br J Obstet Gynaecol 102(5): 364-9.
(26)- Jerome M. H. (2008). The Role of Human Chorionic adotropin as a Thyroid simulator in Normal Pregnancy. J Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 93(9):3305–3306.
(27)- Masiukiewicz, U. and Burrow, G. (1999). Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy: diagnosis and treatment. Thyroid, 9(7): 647-652 .
(28)- Mestman, J.H. (1998). Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Endocr. Met. Clin. North Am., 27(1): 127-149.
(29)- Sapin R, Schlienger JL (2003). Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) determinations . techniques and Value in the assessment of thyroid function . Ann. Biol. Clin . (Paris). 61:411-420.
(30)- Lazarus, J.H. (2002) Epidemiology and prevention of thyroid disease in pregnancy. Thyroid, (October2002), Vol. 12, No 10, pp.861-865, ISSN 1050-7256.
(31)- (Wabitsch M, Blum W. F, Muche R, et al. (1997) Contribution of androgens to the gender difference in leptin production in obese children and adolescents. J. Clin. Invest.;100:808-813
(32)- Al Atawi, F.; Warsy, A.; Babay, Z. ; Addar, M. (2005).Fetal sex and leptin concentrations in pregnant females. Ann Saudi Med. 25(2).
(33)- Smith R, Mesanio S, Chan E-C, et al. (1998) Corticotropin-releasing hormone directly and preferentially stimulates dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate secretion by human fetal adrenal cortical cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab83:2916–20.
(34)- Hines,M.; Golombok,S.; Rust,J.; Johnston,K.J. and Golding, J.(2002).“Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: a longitudinal, population study,” Child Development, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 1678–1687.
 (35)- Carlsen, S.M. ; Jacobsen,G. and Romundsta, P. (2006). Maternal testosterone levels during pregnancyare associated with offspring size at birth. Eur.J. Endocrino.155:365-370.
(36)- Fujieda K, Faiman C, Reyes FI, et al. (1981) The control of steroid genesis by human fetal adrenal cells in tissue culture. 1. Response to adrenocorticotropin J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 53:34–8.
(37)- Smith R, Mesanio S, Chan E-C, et al. (1998) Corticotropin-releasing hormone directly and preferentially stimulates dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate secretion by human fetal adrenal cortical cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab83:2916–20.
(38)-Stahi, F. ; Gotz، F. and Dorner (1991).The influence of Fetal adrenals on the androgen levels during brain differentiation in human subjects and rats. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 98 (2) :131-139.
(39)-Michael،V.; Lombardo, E.A.; Bonnie, A.; Bhismadev, C. ; Kevin, T.; Gerold, H.; Edword, T.; B. and Simon, Baron-cohen (2012) Fetal testosterone influences sexually Dimorphic Gray mattor in the human brain. The Journal of Neuroseience, 32(2): 67-680.
(40)- Dashe, J.S.; Casey, B.M.; Wells, C.E.; McIntire, D.D.; Byrd, E.W.; Leveno, K.J. & Cunnigham, F.G. (2005) Thyroid-stimulating hormone in singleton and twin pregnancy :importance of gestational age-specific reference ranges. Obstetrics and Gynecology, (October 2005), Vol. 106, No 4,pp.753-757. ISSN 0029-7844.
(41)-Daya, S. (1987). Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Increase in Normal Early Pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 156(2): 286-287.
(40)- Abalovich, M., Amino, N.' Barbour, L.A.; Cobin, R.H.; De Groot, L.J.; Glinoer, D.; Mandel, S.J. & Stagnaro-Green, A. (2007) Management of Thyroid Dysfunc during Pregnancy and Postpartum: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, (August 2007), Vol.92, No 8, pp.S1-S47,ISSN 1945-7197.
(41)- Dashe, J.S.; Casey, B.M.; Wells, C.E.; McIntire, D.D.; Byrd, E.W.; Leveno, K.J. & Cunnigham, F.G. (2005) Thyroid-stimulating hormone in singleton and twin pregnancy :importance of gestational age-specific reference ranges. Obstetrics and Gynecology, (October 2005), Vol. 106, No 4,pp.753-757. ISSN 0029-7844.