Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 University of Anbar - College of Education for Pure Sciences

2 Tikrit University - College of Education

3 Tikrit University - College of Science

Abstract

Exposure to Uranium results in significant accumulation in most of vital organs and free radical damage have been proposed as a cause of uranium induced tissue damage where oxidative stress is a likely molecular mechanism This study is designed to evaluate the protection and effects of lemongrass oil (Cymbopogoncitratus) and Effective Microorganism (EM) in animals treated with 75 mg/Kg body weight with uranyl acetate (UA) on some physiological changes that included lipid peroxidation ( Malondialdehyde MDA ) and some antioxidants levels ( Glutathione GSH) in rats. Evaluation of lemongrass oil and EM in this respect was conducted in rats male divided into eight groups , each group included five rats.Lemongrass oil and EM administrated to the rats ( Tow and Three groups) and added with ( 75 mg/ kg) UA in other groups. (75 mg/kg) UA adiminstrated to rats positive group , were the control group administrated with saline.The changes in oxidative stress by determination Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH) in liver and in serum of each group.The results showed that a significant increment ( p≤0.05) in the MDA of animals treated with 75mg/kg UA(118.62±8.68) n mol/g)(5.33±1.21 µ mol/L) respectively and in the liver and in serum compare with control(17.24±3.12 n mol/g)(1.52±0.57 µmol/L) respectively in the liver and in serum and a significant reduction (p≤0.05) in GSH (4.83±2.64 n mol/g) (0.39±0.14 µ mol / L ) respectively in the liver and in serum after twelve week of administrated compare with control (7.76±1.27 n mol/g)(1.36±0.47 µ mol/L ) respectively in the liver and in serum In the light of the results lemongrass and EM protect the whole body of animals against the oxidative stress induced tissue damage produced due to exposure to uranium through the reduction of MDA levels in the liver and in serum and increase in GSH levels in the liver and in serum compare with control in each period of experiment.

Main Subjects

  1. المصادر:

    1- المحمود، عبد الکریم عبد (2002). التأثیر البیئی والصحی للمواد المشعة. مقررات المؤتمر العلمی عن آثار استعمال أسلحة الیورانیوم المنضب على الإنسان والبیئة فی العراق، ص15.

    2- الغرابی، سعاد جاسم، جردان، أحمد، بشرى علی، نافع، مها حمید (2002). التلوث الناتج عن استخدام دول العدوان لیورانیوم المنضب فی جنوب العراق بعد عشر سنوات. مقررات المؤتمر العلمی عن آثار استعمال أسلحة الیورانیوم المنضب على الإنسان والبیئة فی العراق، الجزء الاول، ص77.

    3- الزبیدی، لؤی عبد الرحمن خلف (2003). دراسة تأثیر التلوث بالیورانیوم المنضب Depleted Uranium فی بعض معاییر الدم. رسالة ماجستیر، کلیة العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد.

    4- Gilman, A.P.; Villenenve, D.C.; Secours, V.E.; Yagminas, A.P.; Tracy, B.L.; Quinn, J.M.; Valli, V.E.; Willes, R.J. and Moss, M.A. (1998a). Uranyl Nitrate: 28-day and 91-day toxicity studies in the Sparague – Dawley rat. Toxicol. Sci., 41: 117-128.

    5- Gilman, A.P.; Villenenve, D.C.; Secours, V.E.; Yagminas, A.P.;Tracy, B.L.; Quinn, J.M.; Valli, V.E.; Willes, R.J. and Moss, M.A. (1998b). Uranyl Nitrate: 91-day exposure and recovery studies in the male New Zealand white rabbit. Toxicol. Sci., 41(1): 138-151.

    6- Galletto R.; Siqueira V.L.; Ferreira E.B.; Oliveira A.J. and Bazotte R.B. (2004)."Absence of Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Effect of Gymnema sylvestre in Non Diabetic and Alloxan Diabetic Rats", Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology., 47: 545-551.

    7- Kinghorn, A.D.; Su, B.N.; Jang, D.S.; Chang, L.C.; Lee, D.; Gu, J.Q.; Carcache-Blanco, E.J.; Pawlus, A.D.; Lee, S.K.; Park, E.J.; Luendent, M.; Gills, J.J.; Bhat, K.; Park, H.S.; Mata-Greenwoode, E.; Song, L.L.; Jang, M. and Pezzuto, J.M.(2004). Natural Inhibitors of carcinogenesis. Planta Med., 70:691-705.

    8- Tsao, AS.; Kim, ES.;&Hong, WK. (2004). Chemoprevention of Cancer. CA Cancer J. Clin.54: 150 – 180.

    9- Ojo, O. O.; Kabutu, F.R.; Bello, M.;& Babayo, U.(2006). Inhibition of paracetamol-induced oxidative stress in rats by extracts of lemongrass (Cymbropogon citratus)and green tea (Camellia sinensis) in rats.AJB vol.5(12) pp.1227-1232.

    10- Barbosa L., Pereira U., Martinazzo A., Maltha C.,Teixeira R., and Melo E.,(2008). Evaluation of the composition of Brazilian commercial Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf samples. Molecules 13,1864-1874.

    11- Shintani, M. (2005). Certificate of Analysis of EM•1". EMRO USA Effective Microorganisms. pp : 1 – 4

    12- Chui, C.H.; Hau, D.K.P.; Lau, F.Y.; Cheng, G.Y.M.; Wong, R.S.M.; Gambaria, R.; Kok, S.H.L.; Lai, K.B.; Tang, J.C.O.; Leung, T.W.T.; Higa,T.; Ke, B.; Tang, J.C.; Fong, D.W.F. and Chan, A.S.C. (2006)." Apoptotic potential of concentrated effective microorganism fermentation extract on human cancer cells". Int. J. Mol. Med., 17: 279-284.

    13- Do,J.; SEO, H.; Hwang, J.; Kim, J. and Nam, S. (2007)." Effective microorganism fermentation extract (EM) attenuates airway hyperreactivity and inflammation through selective inhibition of the TH2 response independently of antioxidant activity". Inter. J. of Molecu. Med., 20:631- 635

    14- Kawther F.A.,(2007). Antimicrobial Activity of essential oils of some Medicinal plants from Arab Saudi. Saudi journal of biological sciences 14(1):53-60.

    15- Veronika, M; & Gyorg.U.; Evay. S. (2004).Homodynamic effects of uranyl acetate in pregnant rats. Cejoem; Vol 10 (3):259-268.

    16- Al-Shemmary, B.F.H. (2005). Histological and biochemical effects of uranyl acetate on male reproductive system in rat. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad.

    17- Guid, B.; & Shah, S. (1989). Am. J. Physoil.. 257(26) : 440. (cited by Muslih et al. 2002).

    18- Al-Zamely.; Mizil, Y. O.; and Al-Nimer, M. S.(2001).Detection The Level of Peroxynitrite and Related With Antioxidants Status in The Serum of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infraction National J. of Chemistry., (4) : 625-637.

    19- James R.C., Goodman D.R. and Harbison R.D. (1982). “Hepatic glutathione and epatotoxicity, changes induced by selected marcortics”. J. Pharmaco. Therap., 221: 708-714.

    20- Volkan E., Nurperi G. and Ahmet B. (2001). “N-acetyl ysteine reduces cerebral lipid peroxidation in a rat model of infantile hydrocephalus”. J. Neurol. Sci., Issue 1302-1310.

    21- Duncan, R. C.; Knapp, R. G. and Miller, M. C. (1983). Introdutory Biostatistics of the Health Sciences. A Wileg Medical Publications, John Wiley and Sons, London. Pp. 161 – 179.

    22- Dublineau, I.,Grancolas, L., Grison, S., Vision, P., and Gourmelon, P.,(2007). Modifications of inflammatory pathways in rat intestine following chronic ingestion of depleted uranium. Tox., Sc.,98(2):458-468.

    23- Kampa, M.; Nistkaki، A.; Tsaousis V.; Votas، G.;Nistikaki, A.; Hatzoglou, A.; Blekas، G. (2003). Antproliferative and apoptotic effect of selective phenolic acids on T47D human breast cancer cells : potential of mechanism of action. Breast Cancer Research.6 (2) : 63-74.

    24- Halliwell،B. and Gutteridage،J.M.(1999).Free radicals in biology and medicine. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 246:501 -514.

    25- Baratta،M.T. (1998).Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, v.13,n.4,p.235-44.

    26- Suaeyun.R.; Takemi.K.; Hideki.A.; Usanee.V.; and Yoshinari.O. (1997). Inhibitory effects lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) on formation of azoxymethan- induced DNA adducts and aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Carcinogenesis vol.18 no.5 pp.949–955.

    27- Edris AMR E.,(2007). Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils and Their individual volatile constituents. Wiley Interscience DOI:10.1002/ptr.2072.

    28- Steven M., Zhang W., Li F., and Sima A.,(2004).C-peptide correct endoneurial blood flow but not oxidative stress in Type IBB / Worrats.Am. J., Physiol., Endocriol., Metab.287(3):E497-E505.

    29- Halliwell. B.; and Gutteridge، J.M.;& Cross, CE. (1992). Free Radicals antioxidant and human disease.J Lab Clin Med.119:598-620.

    30- Baydas G., Gursu M., Canpolat S., Yasar A., and Canatan H.,(2002). Daily ehythm of glutathione peroxidase activity,lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels in tissues of pinealectomized rats. Neuroscience Letters 323: 195-198.

    31- Datla K., Bennett R., Zbarsky V., Ke B., Higa T., Bahourn T., and Aruoma O.,(2004).The antioxidant drink "effective microorganism-X (EM-X)" Pre-treatment attenuates the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion rat model of parkinsons disease. Journal Pharmacy and Pharmacology:56:1-6.

    1. Duell, P.B.(1996). Atherosclerosis with dietary antioxidant factor of function. J. Nutr. 126:1067-1071.
    2. Al-Mishhadane Widad J.,(2008). A Study of the histological changes and apoptotic cells of digestive system in Rattus rattus norvagicus treated with Uranyl nitrate and Syzygium  aromaticum (L.) Merr. Collage of Sceince, University of Baghdad.
    3. Daraei B., Pourahmad J.,Hosseini M., Shaki F., and Solrimani M.,(2012). Uranyl Acetate Induces Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Membrane potential collapse in the Human Dermal Fibroblast primary cells. Iranian Journal of pharmaceutical research 11,(2):112-119.
    4. Fisher,C.J.(2003 b).Organoselenium compounds as glutathione peroxidase mimics. B-180 Medical Laboratories Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program،The University of Iowa.77:222.7.
    5. Krishnamoorthy, P.; Vaithinathan, S.; Vimal، A. and Bhuvaneswari, A.(2007). Effect of Terminalia chebula fruit extract on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative system of testis of albino rats.African J. of Biot., 6 : 1888 -1891.
    6. Xiao.;L. (2003). Lipid Hydroperoxide (LOOH). Free Radical and Radiation Biol. Program. Unive. of lowa. Free radical in Biol.and Med.77:222.
    7. Wohaieb,A.S.; Tohala, S.H.; Al-Dewachi, O.S. (1994). Efeect of vitamin E on hydrogen peroxide induced oxidation stress in rabbits. Iraqi. J.Vet. Sci. 7:81-84.
    8. Murray, R.K.; Granner, D.K.; Mayes, P.A.; Rodwell, V.W. (2000). Harper's Biochemistry.25th ed. Appleton and Lange, USA.
    9. Siegers, C.P., Sharma, S.C. and Younes, M. (1986) : " Hepatotoxicity of metals in glutathione-depeted mice". Toxicol. Lett., 34: 185-191.
    10. Mishra, J.; R. K. Srivastava, S. A; Shukla.& C. S. Raghav. (2007). Antioxidants In aromatic &medicinal plants. Modulating in vivo activity. Sci.Tech.pp:1-16.
    11. Prashant Kumar R, Dolly J, Devendra KR, Bechan S, Geeta W (2010).Antioxidant potential of oral feeding of cynodon dactylon extract of diabetes-induced oxidative stress. J. Food Biochem., 34: 78-92.
    12. Aruoma, O.I.; Deiana, M.; Rosa, A.; Casu, V.; Piga, R.; Peccagnini, S.; Dessi, M.A.; Ke, B.; Liang, Y.F. and Higa, T. (2002). " Assessment of the ability of the antioxidant cocktail derived from fermentation of plants with effective microorganisms (EM) to modulate oxidative damage in the kidney and liver of rats in vivo". studies upon the profile of poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. Toxicol. Lett., 135: 209-217.
    13. Ke B., Xu Z., Ling Y.,Qiu W., Xu Y., Higa T., and Aruoma O.,(2009). Modulation of experimental osteoporosis in rat by the antioxidant beverage effective microorganism-X (EM-X). Biomed., pharmacother 63:114-119.